In 1847, a Hungarian obstetrician named Ignaz Semmelweis noticed something his
colleagues had managed to overlook for years. Women who delivered their babies in
the ward staffed by physicians died of puerperal fever at nearly three times the
rate of women delivered by midwives in the ward next door. The two wards were
otherwise alike: same building, same admission days, same patients arriving in the
same condition.
Semmelweis worked through the differences one at a time. The physicians, unlike
the midwives, spent their mornings performing autopsies. They then walked directly
to the delivery room. Semmelweis proposed that some invisible material was being
carried from the corpses to the labouring women on the physicians' hands, and he
ordered his staff to scrub with a chlorinated lime solution before every
examination. Mortality in the physicians' ward fell from eighteen per cent to
around two per cent within a year.
His colleagues were not persuaded. Germ theory was still decades away, and
Semmelweis could not say what the invisible material was — only that
washing removed it. Worse, his conclusion carried an accusation: that respectable
doctors had been killing their own patients. Semmelweis was dismissed from his
post, and the practice lapsed after he left. He died in an asylum in 1865, the
year Joseph Lister began publishing on antisepsis.